A multilevel system of algorithms for detecting and isolating signals in a background of noise

Signal information is processed with the help of algorithms, and then on the basis of such processing, a part of the information is subjected to further processing with the help of more precise algorithms. Such a system of algorithms is studied, a comparative evaluation of a series of lower level algorithms is given, and the corresponding algorithms of higher level are characterized

Steady (robust) conditionally effective estimation of parameters

The concept of conditionally-effective estimation which provides optimum estimates for a given criterion in cases of given limitations is examined. The concept has the best accuracy for given limitation on the suitability of the algorithm concerning the deviation of the law governing error distribution from the proposed law. It is concluded that there must be a greater difference between individual algorithms in terms of difficulty, and that for the linear regression problem algorithms based on excluding lost points should be studied

Algorithm and program for information processing with the filin apparatus

The reduction of spectral radiation data from space sources is described. The algorithm and program for identifying segments of information obtained from the Film telescope-spectrometer on the Salyut-4 are presented. The information segments represent suspected X-ray sources. The proposed algorithm is an algorithm of the lowest level. Following evaluation, information free of uninformative segments is subject to further processing with algorithms of a higher level. The language used is FORTRAN 4

Гендерные аспекты развития уролитиаза у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом

The review summarizes and analyzes the results of domestic and major foreign studies of recent years concerning gender characteristics of the epidemiology and development mechanisms of metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis as an associated disease. A deep understanding of gender aspects in the pathogenesis of these pathologies can form the basis for development of high-quality diagnostic algorithms and pathogenetically grounded approaches to treatment. В обзоре обобщены и проанализированы результаты отечественных и крупных зарубежных исследований последних лет, касающиеся гендерных особенностей эпидемиологии и механизмов развития метаболического синдрома и мочекаменной болезни как ассоциированного с ним заболевания. Глубокое понимание гендерных аспектов в патогенезе данных патологических процессов может лечь в основу разработки качественных диагностических алгоритмов и патогенетически обоснованных подходов к лечению.

Gaps in clinical research in frontotemporal dementia: A call for diversity and disparities–focused research

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the leading causes of dementia before age 65 and often manifests as abnormal behavior (in behavioral variant FTD) or language impairment (in primary progressive aphasia). FTD's exact clinical presentation varies by culture, language, education, social norms, and other socioeconomic factors; current research and clinical practice, however, is mainly based on studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Changes in diagnostic criteria and procedures as well as new or adapted cognitive tests are likely needed to take into consideration global diversity. This perspective paper by two professional interest areas of the Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment examines how increasing global diversity impacts the clinical presentation, screening, assessment, and diagnosis of FTD and its treatment and care. It subsequently provides recommendations to address immediate needs to advance global FTD research and clinical practice

Comparison of Pheochromocytoma-Specific Morbidity and Mortality among Adults with Bilateral Pheochromocytomas Undergoing Total Adrenalectomy vs Cortical-Sparing Adrenalectomy

Importance: Large studies investigating long-term outcomes of patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas treated with either total or cortical-sparing adrenalectomies are needed to inform clinical management. Objective: To determine the association of total vs cortical-sparing adrenalectomy with pheochromocytoma-specific mortality, the burden of primary adrenal insufficiency after bilateral adrenalectomy, and the risk of pheochromocytoma recurrence. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from a multicenter consortium-based registry for 625 patients treated for bilateral pheochromocytomas between 1950 and 2018. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2018, to June 1, 2019. Exposures: Total or cortical-sparing adrenalectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary adrenal insufficiency, recurrent pheochromocytoma, and mortality. Results: Of 625 patients (300 [48%] female) with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 30 (22-40) years at diagnosis, 401 (64%) were diagnosed with synchronous bilateral pheochromocytomas and 224 (36%) were diagnosed with metachronous pheochromocytomas (median [IQR] interval to second adrenalectomy, 6 [1-13] years). In 505 of 526 tested patients (96%), germline mutations were detected in the genes RET (282 patients [54%]), VHL (184 patients [35%]), and other genes (39 patients [7%]). Of 849 adrenalectomies performed in 625 patients, 324 (52%) were planned as cortical sparing and were successful in 248 of 324 patients (76.5%). Primary adrenal insufficiency occurred in all patients treated with total adrenalectomy but only in 23.5% of patients treated with attempted cortical-sparing adrenalectomy. A third of patients with adrenal insufficiency developed complications, such as adrenal crisis or iatrogenic Cushing syndrome. Of 377 patients who became steroid dependent, 67 (18%) developed at least 1 adrenal crisis and 50 (13%) developed iatrogenic Cushing syndrome during median (IQR) follow-up of 8 (3-25) years. Two patients developed recurrent pheochromocytoma in the adrenal bed despite total adrenalectomy. In contrast, 33 patients (13%) treated with successful cortical-sparing adrenalectomy developed another pheochromocytoma within the remnant adrenal after a median (IQR) of 8 (4-13) years, all of which were successfully treated with another surgery. Cortical-sparing surgery was not associated with survival. Overall survival was associated with comorbidities unrelated to pheochromocytoma: of 63 patients who died, only 3 (5%) died of metastatic pheochromocytoma. Conclusions and Relevance: Patients undergoing cortical-sparing adrenalectomy did not demonstrate decreased survival, despite development of recurrent pheochromocytoma in 13%. Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy should be considered in all patients with hereditary pheochromocytoma

Коморбидность туберкулеза, алкоголизма и наркомании

One of the reasons of growing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is spread of AIDS, drug dependence, and alcoholism. To investigate their mutual influence the authors examined 185 lung TB patients (of them, 124 males) admitted to TB hospitals of St-Petersburg in 2003-2005. Inclusive criteria were age of 18 to 79 yrs, recent admission to the hospital, the patient's consent to participate the study. Patients were excluded if they were severely ill or had psychiatric disorders. The lung TB was evaluated using medical history, physical, clinic, laboratory, radiologic, and bacteriologic data. Alcohol and drug abuse was assessed with Addiction Severity Index (ASI), retrospective analysis of alcohol and substance use for previous 90 days, Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), measurement of alcohol in exhaled air and detection of substances in urine. Somatic and psychic health was evaluated using ASI, Beck Depression Inventory, and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory. Risk of HIV-infection was determined in a test of HIV risk assessment and with HIV risk questionnaire developed at Johns Hopkins University. The average age of the participants was 40.5 yrs. More than 60 % of them had abuse-related disorders: alcohol abuse in 51.9 %, alcoholism plus drug dependence in 8.6 %, and drug dependence in 3.8 %. Alcohol dependence facilitated development of TB multiple drug resistance (21 % vs 7.6 % in patients without alcohol dependence, p < 0.05), extensive (73.9 % and 40.9 %, respectively, p < 0.001) and chronic (28.6 % and 16.7 %, respectively) forms of TB. Most of TB patients with abuse-related disorders tended to have psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety). The risk of HIV-infection was significantly higher in TB patients with drug abuse (3.51 vs 0.07). Thus, it is necessary to consider co-morbidity in TB patients for more effective treatment of lung tuberculosis.Одной из причин роста заболеваемости туберкулезом является распространение СПИДа, наркомании и алкоголизма. С целью изучения взаимного влияния этих заболеваний обследованы 185 больных туберкулезом органов дыхания (124 мужчины), находившихся в стационарах г. Санкт-Петербурга в 2003–2005 гг. Критериями включения в исследование были возраст от 18 до 79 лет, недавнее поступление в стационар и согласие больного на участие в исследовании. Из исследования исключались больные в тяжелом состоянии и больные с выраженными психическими расстройствами. Для оценки туберкулезного процесса анализировали анамнез, данные физикального, клинико-лабораторного, рентгенологического и бактериологического обследований. Для определения употребления алкоголя и наркотиков оценивали индекс тяжести зависимости (ИТЗ), ретроспективно анализировали употребление алкоголя и наркотиков за 90 дней, проводили Мичиганский алкогольный скрининг-тест (МАSТ), определяли алкоголь в выдыхаемом воздухе и наркотики в моче. Для оценки соматического и психического здоровья использовали ИТЗ, вопросник депрессии Бека, шкалу тревоги Спилбергера. Риск ВИЧ-инфекции устанавливали в тесте оценки степени риска ВИЧ-инфекции (ТОСР) и по вопроснику риска ВИЧ-инфекции, разработанному университетом Дж. Хопкинса. Средний возраст обследованных больных составил 40,5 лет. Более 60 % больных имели наркологическую патологию (злоупотребление алкоголем в 51,9%, алкоголизм в сочетании с наркоманией в 8,6 %, наркомания в 3,8 %). Алкогольная зависимость способствовала развитию множественной лекарственной устойчивости (21 против 7,6 % у больных туберкулезом без наркологической патологии, p < 0,05), развитию распространенных (73,9 и 40,9 % соответственно, p < 0,001) и хронических (28,6 и 16,7 % соответственно) форм заболевания. Большинство туберкулезных больных с наркологическим диагнозом склонны к психическим расстройствам (депрессии, тревожные состояния). Риск ВИЧ-инфекции у больных туберкулезом, употреблявшим наркотики, был существенно выше (3,51 против 0,07). Таким образом, для улучшения эффективности лечения туберкулеза у наркологических больных необходимо учитывать все стороны коморбидности указанных патологий

Pilot virtual experiments on aruco and ArTag systems comparison for fiducial marker rotation resistance

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. A growing number of researches and industrial projects use fiducial markers for scientific and commercial purposes. A large number of different fiducial marker types and difficulty of their comparison make impossible to reasonably and properly select a fiducial marker system for a particular task. This paper presents an efficient approach to compare different marker systems in virtual ROS/Gazebo environment and results of our pilot experiments that were conducted with ArUco and ArTag markers. The presented results show the difference of marker systems with regard to their resistance to rotations. Experiments were designed in a special way that maximally eliminates external environment influence, including light conditions, camera resolution, sensor noise, distance between a camera and a marker. In total, over 500,000 experimental outcomes were analyzed and interpreted to collect statistically significant amount of data